Swift中String和Character的使用与总结

使用String字面量给常量赋值

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let string = "string literal value"
//常量string将会自动推断为String类型

初始化一个空的String

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var emptyStr = "" //使用空字符串字面量
var anotherEmptyStr = String() //使用构造方法
//两者没有区别

使用isEmpty判断空String:

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if emptyStr.isEmpty {
print("have nothing here")
}

String的可变性
使用“+”连接字符串,当然也支持自加运算符”+=”

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var variableStr = "LastName"
variableStr += "and FirstName"
/// variableStr is "LastName and FirstName"
//**but if:
let constantStr = "Gender"
constantStr += "and another Highlander"
///编译器会报错,被声明为常量的字符串不能被修改!

跟oc不同,swift的String通过var/let 变量/常量 标识决定其是否可变(can be mutated),而不需要选择NSString 还是 NSMutableString。

String跟Characters的连接

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let str = "hello world "
let char: Character = "!"
str.append(char)
// 结果str为: "hello world !"

遍历String

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for char in "myStr".characters {
print(char)
}
//m
//y
//S
//t
//r

字符串插值
在字符串中插入常量变量表达式等,构造一个新的字符串”通过()”:

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let multiplier = 3
let message = "\(multiplier) times 2.5 is \(Double(multiplier) * 2.5)"
/// message is "3 times 2.5 is 7.5"

String中使用转义字符
在字符串中输入反斜线”\” 水平制表符”t” 换行”n” 双引号”“” 单引号”’” 等都需要在前面添加”\”进行转义,同时可以在转义字符后添加Unicode来进行特殊符号表情的显示:

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//**双引号转义
let wiseWords = "\"Imagination is more important than knowledge\" - Einstein"
///"Imagination is more important than knowledge" - Einstein
//**Unicode转义
let dollarSign = "\u{24}" // $, Unicode scalar U+0024
let blackHeart = "\u{2665}" // ♥, Unicode scalar U+2665
let sparklingHeart = "\u{1F496}" // ��, Unicode scalar U+1F496
//**扩展自行集
//**对应关系
// \u{D55C}----한
// \u{1112}----ᄒ
// \u{1161}----ᅡ
// \u{11AB}----ᆫ
let KoreaStr = "\u{D55C}\u{1112}\u{1161}\u{11AB}" //한한

String长度
string.characters.count

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let str = "1234567890"
print("str has \(str.characters.count) characters")
//输出 "star has 10 characters"
//**为String增加笔画不会造成长度增加:
var str = "cafe"
print("the number of characters in \(word) is \(word.characters.count)")
// 输出 "the number of characters in cafe is 4"
//**now append some Unicode:
word += "\u{301}"
print("the number of characters in \(word) is \(word.characters.count)")
//输出 "the number of characters in café is 4"
//仅仅是改变了最后一个字符,并没有增加字符串的长度

正因为swift支持扩展字形集,不同的字符,和相同的不同表示的字符可能需要不同量的存储器来存储,所以在swift中characters所占用的存储量是不一定相同的,因此不能像oc计算NSString那样使用字符串来迭代计算,而应该遍历字符串的characters来确定字符串的长度。

####访问和修改字符串
可以通过其方法和属性,或者下标,来访问或者修改字符串

###字符串索引
swift中的字符串具有相关连的索引类型(String.Index),可对应其每个位置的Character

正如上面所说,不同的字符串可能需要不同数量的内存来存储,所以为了确定哪些character在特定的位置上,我们必须遍历确定每个Unicode的开始结束位置,因此,String不能使用整形作索引。

startIndex: 访问String第一个位置的字符 endIndex: 访问String最后一个位置的字符
(一个空的字符串或者长度为1的字符串,startIndex和endIndex相等)

predecessor(), successor(), advancedBy() 一个String.Index值可以通过调用predecessor()方法来访问其前一个index, 调用successor()来访问其后一个index, 或者调用advancedBy()来指定访问相对位置的index( 之后5位的index: advancedBy(5) 往前5位的index: advancedBy(-5) )

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let greeting = "Guten Tag!"
greeting[greeting.startIndex]
//G
greeting[greeting.endIndex.predecessor()]
//!
greeting[greeting.startIndex.successor()]
//u
let index = greeting.startIndex.advancedBy(7)
//a
greeting[index]
//输出 a

indiced : 字符串Index的集合

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for index in greeting.characters.indices {
print("\(greeting[index])", terminator: " ")
}
///prints "G u t e n T a g !"

插入/移除
利用index,在制定位置插入字符character

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var helloStr = "hello"
helloStr.insert("~", atIndex: helloStr.endIndex)
// hello~

同理,插入字符串(字符的集合)

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var helloStr = "hello!"
helloStr.insertContentOf(" world!".characters, at: hello.endIndex)
// hello! world
//用上面的知识,再追求下完美:
var helloStr = "hello!"
helloStr.insertContentOf(" world".characters, at: hello.endIndex.predecessor())
// hello world!

移除(index):

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var helloStr = "hello world!"
helloStr.removeAtIndex(helloStr.endIndex.predecessor())
// hello world
//注意:
// endIndex是指最后一个index位(将要输入内容的index位)
//所以删除最后一个字符使用的index是endIndex.predecessor()(将要输入内容的index的前一个index位)
//而不是endIndex

移除(Range):

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var helloStr = "hello world!"
let range = Range(start: helloStr.endIndex.advancedBy(-6), end: helloStr.endIndex.predecessor())
// 顺便贴一个new Range的简易写法:
// let range = helloStr.endIndex.advancedBy(-6)..<helloStr.endIndex
// 效果是一样的
helloStr.removeRange(range)
// hello

####字符串比较
两个纯字符串比较

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let oneStr = "We're a lot alike, you and I."
let anotherStr = "We're a lot alike, you and I."
if oneStr == anotherStr {
print("These two strings are considered equal")
}
//输出: These two strings are considered equal
//相等

两个由characters组成的字符串比较

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let oneStr = "Voulez-vous un caf\u{E9}?"
//Voulez-vous un café?
let anotherStr = "Voulez-vous un caf\u{65}\u{301}?"
//Voulez-vous un café?
//两者虽然看起来内容字符不同,其实\u{65}\u{301}是一个e和一个音调符号,根据上面的知识,结果组合成é(\u{E9})
if oneStr == anotherStr {
print("These two strings are considered equal")
}
//输出: These two strings are considered equal
//相等

两个表现相同的character比较

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let oneChar: Character = "\u{41}"
//拉丁字母中的A
let anotherChar: Character = "\u{0410}"
//西里尔字母中的A
if oneChar != anotherChar {
print(These two characters are not equivalent)
}
//输出: These two characters are not equivalent
//不相等!

前缀和后缀的比较 我们可以使用hasPrefix()方法和hasSuffix()去匹配String的前缀和后缀,并返回一个Boolean值

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let romeoAndJuliet = [
"Act 1 Scene 1: Verona, A public place",
"Act 1 Scene 2: Capulet's mansion",
"Act 1 Scene 3: A room in Capulet's mansion",
"Act 1 Scene 4: A street outside Capulet's mansion",
"Act 1 Scene 5: The Great Hall in Capulet's mansion",
"Act 2 Scene 1: Outside Capulet's mansion",
"Act 2 Scene 2: Capulet's orchard",
"Act 2 Scene 3: Outside Friar Lawrence's cell",
"Act 2 Scene 4: A street in Verona",
"Act 2 Scene 5: Capulet's mansion",
"Act 2 Scene 6: Friar Lawrence's cell"
]
//----遍历这个字符数组,匹配下前缀看看效果
var count = 0
for str in romeoAndJuliet {
if str.hasPrefix("Act 1 ") {
count++
}
}
print("There are \(count) string with Act 1 ")
// 输出: "There are 5 string with Act 1"
//----后缀呢
var count = 0
for str in romeoAndJuliet {
if str.hasSuffix("Capulet's mansion") {
count++
}
}
print("There are \(count) mansion string")
// 输出: "There are 6 mansion stressing"

String使用UTF-8编码表示
复习一下,上面也提到,Swift中的String支持emoji表情和众多特殊字符,这也是String一个单位长度不一定等于两个character(汉字)或者1个character(英文字母)的原因。 先回到我们的话题。String和UTF-8的对应关系,我们来看一张官方电子书中的表: ![]/content/images/2015/12/utf8.png()

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//上图中对应的String:
//let dogString = "Dog!!��"
//同时String中的UTF-8编码也是可以像char那样遍历的
for unitCode in dogString.utf8 {
print("\(unitCode) ", terminator: "")
}
//输出: 68 111 103 226 128 188 240 159 144 182

同理String也可以以UTF-16 和Unicode的方式遍历

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for unitCode in dogString.utf16 {
}
for scalar in dogString.unicodeScalars {
print("\(scalar.value) ", terminator: "")
}
// 68 111 103 8252 128054
for scalar in dogString.unicodeScalars {
print("\(scalar) ", terminator: "")
}
// D o g !! ��
//注意: 直接printunicodeScalar的话跟String的输出是一样效果的
//我们print出他的value,才是我们想要的编码

copy 自:
http://zyden.vicp.cc/string-character/

Author

陈昭

Posted on

2016-11-27

Updated on

2021-12-27

Licensed under

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